Philosophers in Modern India/ Kalidas Bhattacharyya / Māndūkyopaniṣader Kathā/ University of Calcutta/ First Publication: 1982/ Number of pages: 69/ Vivekananda Smarak Vaktritamala (1979)
Māndūkyopaniṣader Kathā মাণ্ডুক্যপানিষদের কথা
The present book, written by Kalidas Bhattacharya, offers an explanation of the main ideas alluded to in Māndukya Upaniṣad and in Māndukyakarika of Gauḍapada. The author starts with a brief description of the content of the Māndukya Upaniṣad. There are three main points that the author deliberates on: 1. The nature of Omkāra (Praṇava), 2. The nature of the dream state and dreamless sleep state and 3. The nature of Turiya state.
| System |
– |
|---|---|
| Publication Category |
Philosophers of Modern India |
| Publication Author | |
| Publication Language |
Bengali |
| Publisher Name |
University of Calcutta |
| Publication Place |
Calcutta |
| Publication Year |
1982 |
| No. of Pages |
69 |
| Series Name |
Vivekananda Smarak Vaktritamala (1979) |
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Philosophy, Logic and Language
This book by Kalidas Bhattacharyya is a collection of essays on different topics. However, the first seven essays and the eleventh one do have a thematic unity. They are in one way or another linked to the questions regarding the nature and method of philosophy – a theme that we find often in the writings of Kalidas Bhattacharyya. Essays 1 to 5 and essay 6 are directly concerned with the role of language and logic in philosophical reflections. He touches upon Logical Positivism and Analytical Philosophy in this regard.
The other key issue that Bhattacharyya considers here is the nature of Self. In particular, Bhattacharyya has been keen on exploring the nature of the self we refer to by the pronoun “I” and its relation to the other selves.
The concept of God also finds its place in two of his essays here. Bhattacharyya also discusses the problem of freedom in almost all the essays, in particular the ones on self. One interesting yet rather divergent topic that is discussed by Bhattacharyya is the idea of the Given and its Appearance. Two essays are on specific philosophers – one on Rabindranath Tagore and another on Basanta Kumar Mallik.
The Essays are:
- Is Philosophy Linguistic Analysis
- The Business of Philosophy
- Language, Logic and Fact
- Objective Attitude and Idealism Proper
- Thought and its Validity
- The Given and its Appearance
- The Nature of Reflection in Metaphysics
- Modern Psychology and Hindu Thought
- Self and Others
- The Concept of Self in Buddhism
- Formal and Actual Freedom
- Approaches to Spiritual Life
- Studies in Ethical Theory
- A Modern Defense of Orthodoxy
- Rabindranath on Religion
- An Aspect of Mallik’s Philosophy
- Classical Philosophies of India and the West
- An Outline of Indian Philosophy
Search for the Absolute in Neo-Vedanta
This book by the legendary K.C. Bhattacharyya is a collection of three essays which belong to three distinct phases of the development of KCB’s philosophical thought. In these phases he defines the Absolute as Indefinite, then the Absolute as Subject, and then the Absolute as Alternation. The essays are
- The Place of the Indefinite in Logic
- The Subject as Freedom
- The Concept of the Absolute and its Alternative Forms
On The Concepts of Relation and Negation in Indian Philosophy
The present book, written by Kalidas Bhattacharya, offers an analysis of the two important Indian philosophical notions, viz. relation and negation. Both these notions have been formulated by Indian philosophers and have been applied to advance their respective metaphysical and epistemological theses. The author brings in several corresponding ideas from Western philosophy to highlight the uniqueness of these two notions as formulated by classical Indian philosophers.
Object Content and Relation
This book by Kalidas Bhattacharyya considers the relation between Consciousness and it’s Object. Once we ask the question “Is there anything intermediate between consciousness and object?”, we come up with the answer “Content”. Now, what is this Content and is there such an intermediate thing between Consciousness and Object? This is a question that needs to be answered. This book explores the relationship between Objects and Consciousness via the idea of Content. The book is divided into two chapters. This first chapter is on “Object and Content”. The second is on “Relation”. The first chapter deals with:
- Analysis of Thought and Memory
- Analysis of Perception: Idealism and Realism
- Analysis of Perception – Illusion as to Judgment
- Some Theories of Illusion Examined
- Content and Object as Alternatives
- Criterion of Reality
- Real and Non-Real Appearances
- The Notion of Relation
- Classification of Relations
- The So-called Puzzles of Relation
- Relation – Is it Subjective, Objective or Dialectical?
- External and Internal Relation
- Some Theories of Relation
Modern Polity and Vedanta
In this book, Satkari Mookerjee, the author, relates the basic insights of Vedānta with the social and political situation in India. The author presents his views in five chapters: 1. Present-day Crisis in Education, 2. Democracy in India, 3. The Religion of the Hindus, 4. The Individual (jīva) and the Absolute (Brahman), 5. The Influence of Vedānta on Life. The author draws our attention to how the Vedānta philosophy has a lasting influence on Hindu social organization.
Classical Indian Philosophies: Their Synthesis in The Philosophy of Sri Ramakrishna
In this book, Satischandra Chatterjee, presents the salient views of different classical Indian philosophical systems and shows how these divergent views could be synthesized in the philosophy of Ramakrishna. The book contains ten chapters: 1. Introduction, 2. The Cārvāka Philosophy, 3. The Bauddha Philosophy, 4. The Jaina Philosophy, 5. The Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika Philosophy, 6. The Sāṃkhya-Yoga Philosophy, 7. The Mīmāṃsā Philosophy, 8. The Vedānta Philosophy, 9. The Synthesis of the Systems and 10. The Philosophy of Ramakrishna. The author argues how on the basis of the idea of adhikāri-veda the divergent views of the different philosophical systems could be synthesised and the author takes cues from the ideas advocated by Sri Ramakrishna in this attempt.
Facts of Buddhist Thought
The present book comprises three chapters: 1. Pratītyasamutpāda in Buddhist philosophy, 2. The Mādhyamika and the philosophy of language and 3. Idealism and Absolutism - A Buddhist synthesis. In the first chapter A.K.Chatterjee, the author, traces the theory of pratītyasamutpāda from the Abhidharmika stage through Mādhyamika and Yogācāra interpretations. In the second chapter, the author defends the Mādhyamika position in terms of metalanguage and object-language distinction. The third chapter takes up the issue of Yogācāra idealism in terms of sahopalambha-niyama and shows how idealism culminates in Absolutism.
The Nyāya Theory of Knowledge
The present book is a detailed exposition of Nyāya epistemology. The book contains twenty chapters: 1. Introduction, 2. The nature and forms of knowledge, 3. Valid knowledge and its method, 4. The factors of valid knowledge, 5. The test of truth and error, 6. The definition of perception, 7. The psychology of perception, 8. Ordinary perception and its objects, 9. Three modes of ordinary perception, 10. Extraordinary perception, 11. The nature of inference, 12. The grounds of inference, 13. Classification and Logical forms of inference, 14. The fallacies of inference, 15. The nature and forms of upamāna, 16. Upamāna as an independent source of knowledge, 17. The nature and classification of śabda, 18. Of words, 19, Of sentences, 20. Other sources of knowledge. This book thus offers an analysis of the different pramāṇas accepted by Nyāya.
Nyāya Praveśa ন্যায়প্রবেশ
This book is an introduction to Nyāya philosophy. Amarendra Mohan Bhattacharya, the author of this book, presents his analysis in eight chapters: 1. Introduction, 2. Determining padārtha, 3. Determining dravya, 4. Determining guṇa, 5. Determining karma etc. 6. Determining abhāva, 7. Determining sixteen padārthas, 8. Determining other padārthas. This book is an attempt to present the fundamentals of Nyāya philosophy in the Bengali language.
Alternative Standpoint in Philosophy
This is one of the most seminal works of Kalidas Bhattacharyya. Bhattacharyya speaks of the constant need that philosophers have felt to justify their work and their discipline. Bhattacharyya thinks that the modern defense of Philosophy is only possible through what he calls logic of alternation. Bhattacharyya’s position is that we can provide Philosophy with such a defense only by attempting a novel understanding of the knowledge-object unity. Bhattacharyya claims that this attempt is ingrained in the very being of all the important Indian systems of thought. This book is both a historical and comparative study of the basis of all Philosophy. The book has four chapters. Chapter One is on “Knowledge of Object” where the close unity of knowledge and its object is emphasized. In this connection, Bhattacharyya discusses subjective and objective attitudes and also the contradiction between subjectivity and object. Chapter Two is on “Types of Philosophy”. In this chapter, Bhattacharyya tries to show that the Unity of Knowledge and Object is Unrejectable and their unity is inevitable. Those who reject the knowledge-object unity do so because they think that such a unity would definitely lead to some kind of contradiction. But Bhattacharyya would like to show that this contradiction too is not rejectable. Actually, the Unity that he speaks of is a Disjunctive Unity. This disjunctive unity actually indicates that we have to stand alternatively on the subjective and the objective attitudes and reach a kind of dialectical unity. He then goes on to speak of the subject-object and the absolute as alternatives. In Chapter Three, “Cognition Feeling and Conation” Bhattacharyya takes up these three notions which seem to be opposed to each other. The first three chapters are analyses of these notions while the last section sees Cognition, Feeling and Conation as Alternatives. In Chapter Four Bhattacharyya considers “Further Alternatives” such as Jñāna Bhakti and Karma. He speaks of the three kinds of infinity in this chapter. The book ends with the idea of the Ultimate Alternation.